What are Heavy Elements?

Heavy elements are chemical elements with an atomic number greater than that of iron. Some common heavy elements include gold, platinum, uranium and lead. These elements play important roles in technology and our understanding of the universe’s evolution.

The Neutron Star Collision Hypothesis

It was previously believed that neutron star collisions were responsible for producing the majority of heavy elements through a process called rapid neutron capture or the “r-process.” During these collisions, neutrons are captured by atomic nuclei to produce heavier elements in short bursts.

Introducing the Collapse Hypernova Theory

Evidence for Collapse Hypernova Events

In 1998, astronomers observed an exceptionally bright supernova called SN 1998bw. Its long-duration gamma-ray emission and location within a galaxy suggested it was a “collapse hypernova” – a rare type of supernova powered by a collapsing star 5-15 times the sun’s mass.

How Collapse Hypernovae Create Heavy Elements

During a collapse hypernova, the collapsing star’s spinning core experiences a dramatic increase in density, triggering a hypernova 100 times more powerful than a typical supernova. The expelled material is bombarded with neutrons, producing heavy elements through the r-process over an extended period.

Implications of the Collapse Hypernova Theory

A 2020 study estimated collapse hypernovae may account for 80% of r-process element production in the universe. Their frequency and yields dwarf neutron star collisions. This suggests most gold, uranium and other heavy elements originated not from collisions, but common collapse hypernovae within galaxies.

Looking Ahead

More observations of collapse hypernovae are still needed to confirm their role. But the theory provides a compelling new perspective on heavy element synthesis. It could reshape our understanding of how the materials for life emerged and are distributed throughout the cosmos. Exciting new insights may come from next-generation telescopes.

In summary, collapse hypernovae may be the dominant source of nature’s most precious commodities. By rethinking heavy element origins, this theory illustrates science’s ability to challenge prior assumptions through open-minded investigation.